ORIGINAL PAPER
The Characteristics of Saprolitic Nickel Ore from Lateritic Nickel Deposit in the Mandiodo Area, North Konawe, Indonesia
1
Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
2
Mining Engineering Department, Hasanuddin University, Gowa 92171, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
Submission date: 2025-01-22
Final revision date: 2025-03-31
Acceptance date: 2025-04-25
Publication date: 2025-09-26
Corresponding author
Ibnu Munzir
Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi – Mineral Resources Management 2025;41(3):45-71
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The study of saprolitic nickel ore conducted in the Mandiodo area of North Konawe, Indonesia, reveals a high nickel content. Mineralogical and geochemical analyses from bedrock to saprolite horizon samples reveal the characteristics of the ore as a weathering product from the peridotite bedrock composed mainly of olivine, pyroxene, and serpentine. The results reveal an advanced serpentinization process, indicated by the domination of olivine and serpentine, represented by forsterite and chrysotile, respectively, with a lower amount of enstatite, a member of the pyroxene group, in the bedrock. Further, the abundance of goethite, amphibole, and chlorite mineral groups in the saprock and saprolite indicate an initial stage of weathering. After the weathering of the bedrock, the serpentine is the primary source of Ni in the saprock and saprolite horizon, with a minor occurrence in goethite. Pentlandite is rarely present in the bedrock but is often found with a very high Ni content. In the saprolite ore, the content of Ni hosted by serpentine-group minerals and Fe from goethite increased drastically up to 4.6 and 43.8 wt%, respectively, followed by the drastic depletion of Si and Mg to 7.3 and 3.9 wt%, respectively. The presence of chromite in the saprolite horizon plays a significant role during the enrichment of Cr and Al, and the Mn is hosted by both Mn-oxides and goethite. Geochemical variations in the saprolitic horizon indicate the prospect of future critical metal resources in the study area.
FUNDING
This work has been funded and logistically supported by the “Research Support Module” and the publication has been supported by a grant from the Faculty of Geography and Geology under the Strategic Programme Excellence Initiative at Jagiellonian University. The authors kindly thank Mr. Djamaluddin for his assistance during the sample collection. The authors acknowledge the support from PT. ANTAM – UBPN Konawe Utara for approval of the sample collection. Finally, we thank the anonymous reviewers for their time, comments, and suggestions which much improved the paper.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The Authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
METADATA IN OTHER LANGUAGES:
Polish
Charakterystyka rudy niklu saprolitycznego z laterytowego złoża niklu w rejonie Mandiodo, North Konawe, Indonezja
wietrzenie, laterytowe złoże niklu, podłoże skalne, saprolit, serpentynizacja
Badanie rudy niklu saprolitycznego przeprowadzone w rejonie Mandiodo w Okręgu Północnym Konawe w Indonezji wykazało wysoką zawartość niklu. Analizy mineralogiczne i geochemiczne od podłoża skalnego do próbek horyzontu saprolitu ujawniają cechy rudy jako produktu wietrzenia z podłoża perydotytowego składającego się głównie z oliwinu, piroksenu i serpentynu. Wyniki ujawniają zaawansowany proces serpentynizacji, na który wskazuje dominacja oliwinu i serpentynu reprezentowanych odpowiednio przez forsteryt i chryzotyl, z mniejszą ilością enstatytu jako członka grupy piroksenów w podłożu skalnym. Ponadto obfitość grup mineralnych goethytu, amfibolu i chlorytu w saprocie i saprolicie wskazuje na początkowy etap wietrzenia. Po zwietrzeniu podłoża skalnego serpentynit jest głównym źródłem Ni w poziomie saproku i saprolitu, z niewielkim występowaniem w goethycie. Pentlandyt rzadko występuje w podłożu skalnym, ale pojawia się z bardzo wysoką zawartością Ni. W rudzie saprolitu zawartość Ni w minerałach grupy serpentynu i Fe w goethycie wzrosła drastycznie do odpowiednio 4,6 i 43,8% wag., po czym nastąpiło drastyczne wyczerpanie Si i Mg do odpowiednio 7,3 i 3,9% wag. Obecność chromitu w poziomie saprolitu odgrywa znaczącą rolę podczas wzbogacania Cr i Al, a Mn jest obecny zarówno w tlenkach Mn, jak i w goethycie. Zmiany geochemiczne w poziomie saprolitu wskazują na perspektywę przyszłych zasobów metali krytycznych w badanym obszarze.
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