ORIGINAL PAPER
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Upper Cretaceous Mazıdağı Phosphorite Deposits from the Northern Arabian Plate (Mardin, Turkey)
1
Batman University
Submission date: 2023-02-24
Final revision date: 2023-04-27
Acceptance date: 2023-05-22
Publication date: 2023-06-12
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi – Mineral Resources Management 2023;39(2):37-69
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
In the Mardin-Mazıdağı region, which corresponds to the northern Arabian Plate, layers containing marine phosphorite rocks are found within the Karababa Formation (Upper Cretaceous). The Karataş member contains phosphorites and carbonate rocks with nodular chert geodes and fossils.
The phosphorite and micritic limestones contain invertebrate fossil fragments and materials such as optical isotropic pelletic apatite minerals, angular/subangular and plated fish bone fragments, and brachiopod shells. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) results show that the apatite minerals are either spherical or ellipsoidal in shape and their size varies between 100–200 µm. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) examinations, the rocks contain apatite (carbonate rich fluorapatite; CFA), carbonate (calcite, dolomite), silica (quartz and opal-CT), little feldspar, and clay (smectite, palygorskite/sepiolite, kaolinite, illite, chlorite, mixed layered chlorite-vermiculite (C-V) and illite-vermiculite (I-V).
The average major and trace elements found in the phosphorite include P2O5 (35.41 wt.%), REEs (44.57 ppm), Y (52.85 ppm), and U (5.45 ppm). The Mazıdağı phosphorite analysis indicates that the conditions are slightly oxic, which is supported by their slightly negative Ceanom average values (–0.30), low Ce/La ratios (0.32), and a V/(V + Ni) mean of 0.93 ppm. All the recoded values of the average REE for the study area are considerably lower than those in Iraq (84.30 ppm), Tunisia (400.3 ppm), Morocco (571.75 ppm) and Jordan (187 ppm). It is inferred that mineral formation processes are affected by the biogenic and biogeochemical activities that occurred in conjunction with the changes in sea level driven by the tectonic conditions associated with the evolution of the Neotethys Ocean.
METADATA IN OTHER LANGUAGES:
Polish
Mineralogia i geochemia górnokredowych złóż fosforytów Mazıdağı z płyty północno-arabskiej (Mardin, Turcja)
anomalie ceru, formacja Karababa, fosforyty, pierwiastki ziem rzadkich (REE)
W regionie Mardin-Mazıdağı, który odpowiada północnej płycie arabskiej, w formacji Karababa (górna kreda) znajdują się warstwy zawierające morskie skały fosforytowe. Jednostka Karataş zawiera fosforyty i skały węglanowe ze sferoidalnymi geodami czertów (konkrekcji) i skamieniałościami.
Wapienie fosforytowe i mikrytyczne zawierają skamieniałe fragmenty bezkręgowców i materiały takie jak: optycznie izotropowe granulowane minerały apatytowe, kanciaste/nieco kanciaste i blaszkowate fragmenty kości ryb oraz muszle ramienionogów. Wyniki SEM (skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej) pokazują, że minerały apatytu mają kształt kulisty lub elipsoidalny, a ich wielkość waha się między 100–200 μm. Według badań dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej (XRD) skały zawierają apatyt (fluoroapatyt bogaty w węglany; CFA), węglan (kalcyt, dolomit), krzemionkę (kwarc i opal-CT), niewiele skalenia i glinę (smektyt, palygorskit/sepiolit), kaolinit, illit, chloryt, mieszany warstwowy chloryt-wermikulit (C-V) i illit-wermikulit (I-V).
Główne i śladowe pierwiastki występujące w fosforynie zawierają średnio P2O5 (35,41% wag.), REE (44,57 ppm), Y (52,85 ppm) i U (5,45 ppm). Analiza fosforytów Mazıdağı wskazuje, że warunki są lekko tlenowe, co potwierdzają ich nieco ujemne średnie wartości Ceanom (–0,30), niski stosunek Ce/La (0,32) i średnia V/(V + Ni) wynosząca 0,93 ppm. Wszystkie zarejestrowane wartości średnie REE dla badanego obszaru są znacznie niższe niż w Iraku (84,30 ppm), Tunezji (400,3 ppm), Maroku (571,75 ppm) i Jordanii (187 ppm). Wywnioskowano, że na procesy formowania się minerałów mają wpływ działania biogenne i biogeochemiczne, które wystąpiły w połączeniu ze zmianami poziomu morza spowodowanymi warunkami tektonicznymi związanymi z ewolucją Oceanu Neotetydy.
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