ORIGINAL PAPER
From waste to value: Recovering critical raw materials from urban mines in the European Union And United States
1
Krakowski Holding Komunalny Spółka Akcyjna w Krakowie
2
AGH University of Kraków
3
University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences
Indiana University, Indiana Geological and Water Survey
Submission date: 2023-03-21
Final revision date: 2023-06-29
Acceptance date: 2023-09-04
Publication date: 2023-09-22
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi – Mineral Resources Management 2023;39(3):43-63
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
Research on mineral raw materials marketsOptimization of resources and reserves managementRational use of mineral raw materials
ABSTRACT
Municipal waste is a global issue and they are generated in all countries around the world. Both in the European Union and the United States, a common method of non-recyclable waste utilization is thermal incineration with energy recovery. As a result of this treatment, residual waste like bottom ash, air pollution control residues and fly ashes are generated. This research shows that residues from waste incineration can be a potential source of critical raw materials. The analysis of the available literature prove that the residues of municipal waste incinerators contain most of the elements important for the US and EU economies. Material flow analysis has shown that each year, the content of elemental copper in residues may be 29,000 Mg (USA) and 51,000 Mg (EU), and the amount of rare earth elements in residues exceeds their mining in the EU. In the case of other elements, their content may exceed their extraction by even over 300%. The recovery of elements is difficult due to their encapsulation in the aggregate matrix. The heterogeneous nature of residues and the many interactions between different components and incineration techniques can make the process of recovery complicated. Recovery plants should process as much of the residues as possible to make their recovery profitable. However, policy makers from the EU and the US are introducing new legal regulations to increase the availability of critical raw materials. In the EU, new regulations are planned that will require at least 15% of the annual consumption of critical raw materials to come from recycling. Therefore, innovative technologies for recovering critical raw materials from waste have a chance to receive subsidies for research and development.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Agnieszka Drobniak contribution comes from the support of the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange within the Polish. Returns Programme (BPN/PPO/2021/1/00005/DEC/1), and the National Science Center, Poland (2022/01/1/ST10/00024).
This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland (subsidies no. 16.16.140.315).
METADATA IN OTHER LANGUAGES:
Polish
Od odpadu do wartości: Odzyskiwanie surowców krytycznych z miejskich kopalni w Unii Europejskiej i Stanach Zjednoczonych
odpady komunalne, spalanie odpadów, surowce krytyczne, przetwarzanie pozostałości, gospodarka o obiegu zamkniętym
Odpady komunalne stanowią globalny problem i są wytwarzane we wszystkich krajach na całym świecie. W Unii Europejskiej i Stanach Zjednoczonych powszechną metodą utylizacji odpadów nienadających się do procesów recyklingu jest ich termiczne spalanie z odzyskiem energii. W wyniku tego procesu generowane są pozostałości procesowe, takie jak popioły denne, stałe pozostałości z oczyszczania spalin i popioły lotne. Badania wykazały, że te odpady mogą być potencjalnym źródłem surowców krytycznych. Analiza dostępnej literatury dowodzi, że pozostałości z instalacji termicznego przekształcania odpadów komunalnych zawierają większość surowców krytycznych ważnych dla gospodarki USA i UE. Analiza przepływu materiałów wykazała, że zawartość miedzi pierwiastkowej w pozostałościach może wynosić rocznie 29 000 Mg (USA) i 51 000 Mg (UE), a ilość metali ziem rzadkich w pozostałościach przewyższa ich wydobycie w UE. W przypadku innych pierwiastków, ich zawartość może przewyższać wydobycie nawet o ponad 300%. Odzyskiwanie pierwiastków jest jednak trudne ze względu na ich agregację. Heterogeniczna natura pozostałości i liczne interakcje między różnymi składnikami oraz technikami spalania mogą komplikować proces odzysku. Instalacje specjalizujące się w przetwarzaniu pozostałości muszą przetwarzać jak najwięcej odpadów aby ich odzysk był opłacalny. Jednak politycy z UE i USA wprowadzają nowe regulacje prawne w celu zwiększenia dostępności surowców krytycznych. W UE planowane są nowe przepisy wymagające, aby minimum 15% rocznego zużycia surowców krytycznych pochodziło z recyklingu. Dlatego innowacyjne technologie odzysku surowców krytycznych z odpadów mają szanse na uzyskanie dotacji na badania i rozwój.
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