ORIGINAL PAPER
Similarities of Bowen’s Reaction Series to the thermal evolution of the siliceous fly ashes phase composition
1
AGH University of Krakow
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Submission date: 2025-01-31
Final revision date: 2025-03-10
Acceptance date: 2025-04-12
Publication date: 2025-09-26
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi – Mineral Resources Management 2025;41(3):197-210
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Siliceous fly ashes (FA) are fine-grained thermal decomposition remnants of mineral substances present in bituminous coal. Due to its formation method, FA consists mainly of an aluminosilicate glassy phase, as well as crystalline components, such as mullite and quartz. Formerly treated as waste materials, FAs are now a desirable raw material with numerous applications, particularly in the building materials industry, for instance, as an additive for the production of ceramic building materials. FA suitability in this field of application is determined mainly by its specific impact on the sintering process. The addition of FA to the raw material composition intensifies the firing process, primarily due to the fine grain size and the appearance of a liquid phase during sintering. During the thermal treatment of FA at temperatures above 900°C, in addition to the sintering process, devitrification (or glass crystallization) occurs, resulting in the formation of olivines and calcium-rich plagioclase. The results presented in this publication demonstrate the formation of calcium-rich plagioclase and (Mg, Fe)2[SiO4] olivines of the magnesium-iron type, indicating that the direction of devitrification of FA is similar to the initial stages of basalt magma crystallization, known as the Bowen Reaction Series. This publication aims to explain these similarities. For this purpose, two different FAs were examined for the evolution of their phase composition (XRD) during their heat treatment and thermal properties (DTA/TG, dilatometry).
FUNDING
The study was carried out under the statutory work of the AGH University of Krakow no 16.16.160.557.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The Authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
METADATA IN OTHER LANGUAGES:
Polish
Podobieństwa Szeregów Reakcyjnych Bowena do termicznej ewolucji składu fazowego krzemionkowych popiołów lotnych
spiekanie, dewitryfikacja, popiół lotny, szeregi reakcyjne Bowena, mullit
Popioły lotne krzemionkowe są drobnoziarnistą pozostałością termicznej dekompozycji sub- stancji mineralnych obecnych w węglu kamiennym. Ze względu na sposób powstania popioły składają się głównie z glinokrzemianowej fazy szklistej, jak również składników krystalicznych, takich jak mullit i kwarc. Dawniej traktowane jako odpady, współcześnie popioły lotne są surowcami pożądanymi, z wieloma kierunkami zastosowania, zwłaszcza w przemyśle materiałów budowlanych, między innymi jako dodatek podczas produkcji ceramiki budowlanej. O przydatności popiołów w tym obszarze zastosowań decyduje przede wszystkim ich specyficzny wpływ na proces spiekania. Dodatek popiołów do składu surowcowego intensyfikuje proces wypalania, głównie ze względu na drobnoziarnistość oraz na pojawienie się fazy ciekłej podczas spiekania. Podczas termicznej obróbki popiołów powyżej temperatury 900°C obok procesu spiekania występuje dewitryfikacja (lub krystalizacja szkła), za której sprawą powstają oliwiny i bogate w wapń plagioklazy. Wyniki przedstawione w niniejszej publikacji pokazują powstawanie plagioklazów bogatych w wapń oraz oliwinów typu magnezowo-żelazowego (Mg,Fe)2[SiO4], co wskazuje na to, że kierunek dewitryfikacji popiołów jest podobny do początkowych etapów krystalizacji magmy bazaltowej, tzw. szeregów reakcyjnych Bowena. Niniejsza publikacja jest próbą wyjaśnienia tych podobieństw. W tym celu dwa różne popioły lotne zostały przebadane pod kątem ewolucji składu fazowego (XRD) w trakcie ich obróbki cieplnej oraz właściwości termicznych (DTA/TG, dylatometria).
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