ORIGINAL PAPER
The recovery of rare-earth metals from fly ash using alkali pre-treatment with sodium hydroxide
1
Główny Instytut Górnictwa, Katowice
2
Politechnika Krakowska, Kraków
3
Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią, Kraków
Submission date: 2020-06-02
Final revision date: 2020-07-02
Acceptance date: 2020-08-24
Publication date: 2020-09-29
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi – Mineral Resources Management 2020;36(3):127-144
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The aim of the work was to draw attention to the usefulness of the alkaline thermal activation process with sodium hydroxide in the process of rare earth metal leaching (REE), from fly ash with hydrochloric acid and nitric acid(V). The work is a part of the authors’ own research aimed at optimizing the REE recovery process coming from fly ash from hard coal combustion.
The article contains an assessment of the possibility of leaching rare earth metals (REE) from fly ash originating from the combustion of hard coal in one of the Polish power plants. The process was carried out for various samples consisting of fly ash and sodium hydroxide and for different temperatures and reaction times. The process was carried out for samples consisting of fly ash and sodium hydroxide containing respectively 10, 20 and 30% on NaOH by weight in relation to the weight of fly ash. Homogenization of these mixtures was carried out wet, and then they were baked at 408K, 433K and 473K, for a period of three hours. The mixture thus obtained was ground to a particle size of less than 0.1 mm and washed with hot water to remove excessive NaOH. The solid post-reaction residue was digested in concentrated HCl at 373K for 1 hour at a weight ratio fs/fc of 1:10. The results of chemical analysis and scanning microscopic analysis along with EDS analysis and X-ray analysis were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the tested material.
The results indicated that REE recovery from fly ash strictly depends on heat treatment temperature with NaOH, and an increase in REE recovery from alkaline-activated fly ash along with increa- sing the amount of NaOH in relation to fly ash mass.
METADATA IN OTHER LANGUAGES:
Polish
Odzysk metali ziem rzadkich z popiołów lotnych przy zastosowaniu wstępnej obróbki alkalicznej wodorotlenkiem sodu
popioły lotne, REE, ługowanie
Celem pracy było zwrócenie uwagi na przydatność alkalicznego procesu aktywacji termicznej wodorotlenkiem sodu w procesie ługowania metali ziem rzadkich (REE) z popiołu lotnego z kwasem chlorowodorowym i azotowym (V). Praca jest częścią badań własnych autorów mających na celu optymalizację procesu odzyskiwania REE z popiołów lotnych ze spalania węgla kamiennego. Artykuł zawiera ocenę możliwości ługowania metali ziem rzadkich (REE) z popiołów lotnych pochodzących ze spalania węgla kamiennego w jednej z polskich elektrowni. Proces przeprowadzono dla próbek składających się z popiołu i wodorotlenku sodu zawierającego odpowiednio 10, 20 i 30% wagowych NaOH w stosunku do masy popiołu. Homogenizację tych mieszanin przeprowadzono na mokro, a następnie spiekano je w temperaturze 408K, 433K i 473K przez okres trzech godzin. Tak otrzymaną mieszaninę zmielono do wielkości cząstek mniejszej niż 0,1 mm, a następnie przemyto gorącą wodą w celu usunięcia nadmiaru NaOH. Stałą pozostałość poreakcyjną trawiono stężonym HCl w temperaturze 373K przez 1 godzinę, przy stosunku wagowym fs/fc wynoszącym 1:10. Wyniki analizy chemicznej i skaningowej analizy mikroskopowej wraz z analizą EDS i analizą rentgenowską wykorzystano do scharakteryzowania właściwości fizykochemicznych badanego materiału.
Otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że odzysk REE z popiołu zależy ściśle od temperatury obróbki cieplnej za pomocą NaOH, oraz że odzysk REE z popiołu aktywowanego alkalicznie rośnie wraz ze wzrostem ilości NaOH w stosunku do masy popiołu.
REFERENCES (32)
1.
Blisset et al. 2014 – Blisset, R.S., Smalley, N. and Rowson, N.A. 2014. An investigation into six coal fly ashes from the United Kingdom and Poland to evaluate rare earth element content. Fuel 119, 1, p. 236.
2.
Borra et al. 2015 – Borra, C.R., Pontikes, Y., Binnemans K. and Gerven T.V. 2015. Leaching of rare earths from bauxite residue (red mud). Minerals Eng. 76, p. 20.
3.
Całus-Moszko, J. and Białecka, B. 2013. Analysis of the possibilities of rare earth elements obtaining from coal and fly ash (Analiza możliwości pozyskania pierwiastków ziem rzadkich z węgli kamiennych i popiołów lotnych z elektrowni). Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi – Mineral Resources Management 29(1), pp. 67–80 (in Polish).
4.
Chi et al. 2004 – Chi, R., Zhang, X., Zhu, G., Zhou, Z.A., Wu, Y., Wang, C. and Yu, F. 2004. Recovery of rare earth from bastnesite by ammonium chloride roasting with fluorine deactivation. Minerals Engineering 17, pp. 1037–1043.
5.
Cykowska M., Bebek M., Mitko K., Białecka B., Thomas M. 2017. Determination of the selected rare earth elements in environmental water samples (Oznaczanie wybranych pierwiastków ziem rzadkich w środowiskowych próbkach wody). Przemysł Chemiczny 11, pp. 2312–2316 (in Polish).
6.
Depoi et al. 2008 – Depoi, F.S., Pozebon, D. and Kalkreuth, W.D. 2008. Chemical charakcterization of feed coals and combustion-bypproducts from Brazilian power plants. International Journal of Coal Geology 76, pp. 227–236.
7.
Hower et al. 1999 – Hower, J.C., Ruppert, L.F.and Eble, C.F. 1999. Lanthanide, ytrium and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky. International Journal of Coal Geology 39, pp. 141–152.
8.
Finkelman, R.B. 1982. The origin occurence and distribution of the inorganic constituents in low rank coal. Proccee-dings of the Basic Coal Science Workshop. US Department of Energy, Huston T.X, pp. 69–90.
9.
Jarosiński, A. 2016. Selected issues from the technology of harvesting metals with rare earth (Wybrane zagadnienia z technologii pozyskiwania metali ziem rzadkich). Kraków: MEERI PAS (in Polish).
10.
Karayigit et al. 2001 – Karayigit, A.I., Onacek, T., Gayer, R.A. and Goldsmith, S. 2001. Mineralogy and geochemistry of feed coals and their combustion residues from the Cayirhan power plant, Ankara, Turkey. Applied Geochemistry 16, pp. 911–919.
11.
Ketris M.P., Yudovich Y.E. 2009. Estimations of Clarkes for Carbonaceous biolithes: World averages for trace element contents in black shales and coals. Intern. J. of Coal Geol. 78, p. 135–148.
12.
Klupa et al. 2017 – Klupa, A., Adamczyk, Z. and Harat, A. 2017. Lanthanides in mineral elements found in fly ashes from the Rybnik Power Plant. 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference SGEM 2017, 11, pp. 883–888.
13.
Marrero et al. 2007 – Marrero, J., Polla, G., Rebagliati, R.J.,Gomez, D. and Smichowki, P. 2007. Characterization and determination of 28 elements in fly ashes collected in a thermal power plant in Argentina using different instrumental techniques. Spectrochimica Acta part B 62, pp. 101–108.
14.
Mayfield, D.B. and Lewis, A.S. 2013. Environmental Review of Coal Ash as a Resource for Rare Earth and Strategic Elements. World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference – April 22–25, in Lexington, KY.
15.
Migaszewski, Z.M. and Gałuszka, A. 2007. Fundamentals of environmental geochemistry (Podstawy geochemii środowiska). Warszawa: WNT (in Polish).
16.
Paulo, A. and Krzak, M. 2015. Rare metals (Metale rzadkie). Kraków: AGH (in Polish).
17.
Pires, M. and Querol, X. 2004. Characterization of Candiota (South Brasil) coal and combustion by-product. International Journal of Coasl Geology 60, pp. 52–72.
18.
Raask, E. 1985. The mode of occurrence and concentration of trace elements in coal. Program Energy Combustion Sciences 11, pp. 97–118.
19.
Randazzo, L.A. 2013. Effects of Dissolved Complexation on REE Fate During Interactions between Volcanic Ash and Coexisting Fluids Proc. Earth and Planetary Sci. 7, p. 721.
20.
Ruppert et al. 1993 – Ruppert, L.F., Neuzil, S.G., Cecil, C.B. and Kane, J.S. 1993. Inorganic constituents from samples of a domed and lacustrine peat, Sumatra, Indonesia. [In:] Modern and Ancient Coal Forming Environments. Geological Society of America Special Papers 286, pp. 83–96.
21.
Schatzel, S.J. and Steward, B.W. 2003. Rare earth elements sources and modyfication in the Lower Kittanning coal bed, Pensylvania: implications for the origin of coal mineral matter and rare earth element exposure in underground mines. International Journal of Coal Geology 54, pp. 223–251.
22.
Seredin, V.V. 2005. Rare earth elements in germanium-bearing coal seams of the Spetsugli deposit. Geological of Ore Deposits 47, pp. 265–284.
23.
Seredin, V.V. and Dai, S. 2012. Coal deposit as potential alternative sources for lanthanides and yttrium. International Journal of Coal Geology 94, pp. 67–93.
24.
Smołka-Danielowska, D. 2010. Rare earth elements in fly ashes created during the coal burning proces in certain coal-fired power plants operating in Poland-Upper Silesian Industrial Region. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 101, pp. 965–968.
25.
Świnder et al. 2017a – Świnder, H., Białecka, B. and Jarosiński, A. 2017a. Study on recovering the rare earth metals from fly ash by multi-stage leaching with sulfuric(VI) acid (Badanie odzysku metali ziem rzadkich z popiołów lotnych przy zastosowaniu wielostopniowego ługowania kwasem siarkowym(VI)). Przemysł Chemiczny 96/11, pp. 2238–2243 (in Polish).
26.
Świnder et al. 2017b – Świnder, H., Białecka, B. and Jarosiński, A. 2017b. Recovery of rare earth elements from coal combustion fly ashes 17th International Multisciplinary Scientific Geoconference SGEM 2017 v.17, 11, pp. 995–1002.
28.
Wang et al. 2006 – Wang, W., Qin, Y., Wei, Ch., Li, Z., Guo, Y. and Zhu, Y. 2006. Partioning of elements and macerals during preparation of Antaibao coal. International Journal of Coal Geology 68, pp. 223–232.
29.
Zhuang et al. 2007 – Zhuang X., Querol X., Alastuey A. Plana E., Moreno N., Andres J.M., Wang J. Mineralogy and geochemistry of the coals from the Chongqing and Southwest Hubei coal mininig districts, South China. International Journal of Coal Geology 71, pp. 263–275.
30.
Zivotic et al. 2008 – Zivotic, D., Wehner, H., Cvetkowic, O., Jovancicevic, B., Grzetoc, I., Scheeder, G., Vidal, A., Sajnovic, A., Ercegovac, M.and Simic, V. 2008. Petrogical, organic geochimical characteristics of coal from the Soko mine, Serbia. International Journal of Coal Geology 73, pp. 285–306.
31.
Żelazny et al. 2017a – Żelazny, S., Świnder, H., Białecka, B. and Jarosiński, A. 2017a. Recovery of rare earth elements from fly ash. Part 1, Leaching (Odzysk pierwiastków ziem rzadkich z popiołów lotnych. Cz. I Ługowanie). Przemysł Chemiczny 96/11, pp. 2279–2283 (in Polish).
32.
Żelazny et al. 2017b – Żelazny, S., Świnder, H., Białecka, B. and Jarosiński, A. 2017b. Recovery of rare earth elements from fly ash. Part 2, Precipitation (Odzysk pierwiastków ziem rzadkich z popiołów lotnych. Cz. II Wytrącanie z roztworu). Przemysł Chemiczny 96/11, pp. 2284–2290 (in Polish).
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2299-2324 |
| ISSN: | 0860-0953 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
